Cellular Respiration for AP Biology flashcards

Question 1

Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?

Accepted Answer

In the cytoplasm, in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Question 2

What molecule does glycolysis start with, and what does it end with?

Accepted Answer

It starts with one six-carbon glucose and ends with two three-carbon pyruvate molecules.

Question 3

What is the term for making ATP by transferring a phosphate directly from a substrate to ADP, as in steps 7 and 10 of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Substrate-level phosphorylation.

Question 4

Where does pyruvate oxidation take place in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

In the mitochondria (in the mitochondrial matrix).

Question 5

What does pyruvate become before it enters the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

Acetyl CoA, formed when an acetyl group is picked up by coenzyme A.

Question 6

What is released when pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA?

Accepted Answer

Carbon dioxide (one CO2 per pyruvate) and one NADH.

Question 7

What is the main job of acetyl CoA in glucose catabolism?

Accepted Answer

It delivers the acetyl group from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

Question 8

How many carbons does the acetyl group of acetyl CoA contain?

Accepted Answer

Two.

Question 9

Which two molecules combine in the first step of the citric acid cycle, and what do they form?

Accepted Answer

Acetyl CoA (a two-carbon acetyl group) combines with four-carbon oxaloacetate to form six-carbon citrate.

Question 10

Which molecule is regenerated at the end of the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

Oxaloacetate.

Question 11

Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle take place?

Accepted Answer

In the matrix of the mitochondria.

Question 12

Name two other names for the citric acid cycle.

Accepted Answer

The TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle and the Krebs cycle.

Question 13

What reduced electron carriers does one turn of the citric acid cycle produce?

Accepted Answer

Three NADH and one FADH2.

Question 14

What form of energy is made by substrate-level phosphorylation in each turn of the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

One GTP or ATP, depending on the cell type.

Question 15

How many CO2 molecules are released per turn of the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

Two.

Question 16

Where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

In the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 17

What is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain, and what forms?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen; it is reduced and picks up protons to form water.

Question 18

Which electron carrier delivers electrons to Complex I of the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

NADH.

Question 19

At which complex do FADH2 electrons enter the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

Complex II, bypassing Complex I.

Question 20

Why does FADH2 lead to fewer ATP than NADH?

Accepted Answer

Its electrons bypass Complex I, so fewer protons are pumped across the membrane.

Question 21

In which direction does the electron transport chain pump protons?

Accepted Answer

From the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space.

Question 22

Through which protein do protons flow back into the matrix, and what does it make?

Accepted Answer

ATP synthase; it adds a phosphate to ADP to form ATP.

Question 23

What is ATP production by chemiosmosis in mitochondria called?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 24

What is the fundamental difference between fermentation and anaerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation uses an organic molecule to regenerate NAD+ from NADH; anaerobic respiration uses an inorganic final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain.

Question 25

Why must NADH be reoxidized to NAD+ when oxygen is absent?

Accepted Answer

So glycolysis can keep running; its sixth step needs NAD+.

Question 26

What does lactic acid fermentation convert pyruvate into, and by which enzyme?

Accepted Answer

Lactic acid (lactate), by lactate dehydrogenase.

Question 27

What are the two products of the alcohol fermentation of pyruvate?

Accepted Answer

Ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Cellular Respiration for AP Biology flashcards

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Cellular Respiration for AP Biology flashcards

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